Bu çalışma, Mısır’da İngiliz başkonsolosu ve İngiliz temsilcisi olarak 1883’te tayin edilen ve bu görevini 1907 yılına kadar aralıksız olarak devam ettiren Evelyn Baring Cromer ya da meşhur ismiyle Lord Cromer tarafından yazılan bir eserle ilgilidir. Cromer’ın Mısır’ın son Hidivi Abbas Hilmi Paşa hakkında yazdığı ve 1915’te yayınladığı “Abbas II” adlı kitabı o sırada çok ilgi gördü. Bu makale bu eserin değerlendirmesi ve tercümesi ile ilgilidir. Bu eser Lord Cromer’ın Mısır’daki görevinden emekli olmasından yaklaşık sekiz yıl sonra yayınlanmıştır. Kitapta Lord Cromer, Abbas Hilmi Paşa’nın yaşamı ve iktidarda olduğu dönemde Mısır’ın siyasi ve sosyal koşullarını ayrıntılı olarak anlatmayı amaçlamıştır. Kitap, II. Abbas’ın çalışma ekibi, yakınları ve hükümet yetkilileriyle olan ilişkilerinden Mısır’ın ekonomisini ve eğitim sistemini modernize etme çabalarına kadar çok çeşitli konuları içermektedir. Kitapta Hidiv yanında onun İngiliz danışmanları ve yetkili kişilerle ilişkileri, Mısır ekonomisi ve eğitim sistemini modernize etme girişimleri de değerlendirilmiştir. Mısır’ın çeyrek asırlık bir zamanında ve ülkenin karmaşık siyasi yapısında yön bulma çabaları dâhil olmak üzere çok çeşitli konular ele alınmıştır. Kitap İngiliz işgali sırasında Mısır’ın karşı karşıya olduğu sorunlarla alakalı kıymetli bilgiler sunmaktadır.

The status quo of Tunisia, that is, the nature of its relationship with the Ottoman centre emerged as a problem with the occupation of Algerian costs in 1830 and the centralisation of Tripoli in 1835. France frequently warned the Ottoman Empire not to subvert the status quo in Tunisia. Clarifying and internationally securing this formally undefined state of affairs had been the British policy in the region since the 1850s. Britain, especially with its consul, Richard Wood, endeavoured for a declaration of a firman stating that the Ottoman Empire recognised the inherited governorship of the Husaynid Dynasty and that the beys accepted the Sultan’s political suzerainty in Tunisia. This project, which was constantly delayed by the opposition of France, was realised in 1871. So the firman, which was expected to bring the region’s political position to wider international acceptance, was declared. This study aims to examine the debates about Tunisia’s status quo based on British and Ottoman archival sources. So, the efforts of the Ottoman Empire to protect the province, as well as the approaches and plans of Britain and France towards Tunisia, were explored.

During the early years of Abdülhamid II’s reign, there were several attempts to reinstate ex-Sultan Murad V to the throne. One of these was the initiative of Ali Suâvi, which has come to be known as the Çırağan Incident. Although the Ottoman press had to be very circumspect in reporting Suâvi’s attempt and its aftermath, the British newspaper of the Ottoman Empire, The Levant Herald, was instead able to carry the news about the incident for several days by framing its reportage in pro-government terms. The situation changed, however, when a letter from a reader praising Ali Suâvi and supporting the claim of Murad V to the throne was published by the paper and spurred the Sublime Porte into action. Although the authorship of the letter remains unknown, it is doubtful that it was actually written by an average reader of the paper; some sources instead point to Cleanthi Scalieri, the Master of the Prodoos Masonic Lodge. After publication, the proprietor of The Levant Herald, Edgar Whitaker, took refuge in the British Embassy, resulting in the confiscation of the printing house and the remaining copies of the newspaper on the order of the Sublime Porte. Whitaker protested that he had informed the Marshal of the Palace, Said Pasha, regarding the letter’s contents, and that he was now the subject of death threats and harassment; Said Pasha responded by denying any knowledge of the matter. The dismissal and exile of Said Pasha brought only further tension. The British Foreign Ministry claiming that the Sublime Porte had acted beyond its jurisdiction according to the capitulations. In the midst of negotiations between the British and Ottoman governments over the transfer of Cyprus, the furor over the letter and the newspaper provoked major discussion in the European press, and caused negative public reaction in Britain towards the actions of the Ottoman government. This article focuses on the anonymous letter published in The Levant Herald, and examines the course of these developments primarily through their representation in the British press.