The purpose of this study is to examine the possible uses of pyramidal lead weights unearthed in Metropolis. By comparing the artifacts with analogous examples found in different archaeological contexts, we hope to shed new light on their purpose and significance. Pyramidal weights unearthed during archaeological excavations across ancient Metropolis are analyzed and interpreted within their specific archaeological contexts. These interpretations are not limited to classifying the artifacts by their form, weight, or chronology; they also explore their potential purpose and uses as manufactured objects. Additional attention is likewise given to markings (monograms and symbols) found on some weights. Consideration is given as to what these markings were used for, whether or not there is a production-process connection between markings and weights, and whether or not the markings had any functional purpose. This study also takes into account the ongoing debate surrounding the possible applications of these weights with an attempt being made to analyze the potential uses of the Metropolis finds. All the weights discussed in the study are also presented in detail in the accompanying catalogue table. The twenty pyramidal lead weights unearthed at Metropolis were discovered in different parts of the city and in a variety of built contexts ranging from civilian dwellings to public buildings.

Klazomenai, in North Ionia, is unique in comparison to the other city-states in the region because of diverse archaeological evidence. Current data from the settlement suggest a smooth transition from the end of the second into the first millennia BC. In this article, we discuss the development of the defense systems of Klazomenai dating to the Early Bronze Age II (EBA) and the Archaic period. Excavations in the area close to the Olive Oil Plant of the sixth century BC revealed a bastion of the EBA II, protecting the lower town of a site (Level 1), which has an upper citadel located at Liman Tepe. Following its termination, the area was used for pottery production and as a cemetery during the Early Iron Age (from ca. 11th century into the early 7th century). In the early seventh century BC, the construction of the fortification wall protecting Klazomenai, define the limits of the asty and marks the formal design of the urban layout of the site (Level 3a). The use of the area as a burial ground was terminated following the construction of the defense system. The formation of the various extramural cemeteries surrounding Archaic site is linked with this change. Architectural features of the fortification wall of the seventh century BC, with a glacis, reflect a well-rooted tradition of Iron Age Anatolia. The construction of the gateway with a deep corridor marks the final phase and belongs to the late sixth century BC (Level 3b).