Turkey did contribute to the development of international law. "To a great extent, much of our modern intemational law originated and developed from the competition of the great powers and their desire to expand at the expense of other countries. Turkey was a great power. Its peculiar geographical position and the ideas it stood for involved Turkey in all major wars and all postwar settlements. In this way the Turks influenced the development of international law".

Between 1821 and 1885 most of the area constituting the present Sudan came under Turko-Egyptian rule. The annexation of the Sudan to Egypt was undertaken in 1820-1 by Muhammad 'Ali, the Ottoman Wali of Egypt, and was completed under his grandson, the Khedive Isma'il, who extended this rule to the Great Lakes in the south and to Bahr al-Ghazal and Darfur in the west. In the history of the Sudan, this period became known as the (first) Turkiyya. The term Turkiyya is not really arbitrary since Egypt was itself an Ottoman province, ruled by an Ottoman (Albanian) dynasty. Moreover, most of the high officials and army officers serving in the Sudan were of Ottoman rather than Egyptian origin.

The Public Library of the Manisa Province has a fairly rich collection of medical manunscripts some of which are unique copies. Two examples that may be cited in this connection are Tarvih al-Ervah by physician and poet Ahmedî (1334(?)-1413) and the Persian translation of Beyrunî's Kitab-al-Saydala. Another unique manuscript is an abridged translation of Zahravî's work, which I intend to introduce here briefly.

The move of the Bulgarian Communist Government to liquidate the Muslim Turks in Bulgaria, initiated at the end of 1984 and completed in the beginning of 1985, by forcing the Turks in Bulgaria to exchange their Turkish names for Bulgarian ones, is a crime against the most elemantary principles of human rights, of world civilization and culture. By this act the Bulgarian government has committed itself to a policy of an ethnic, cultural and political genocide. Though this term has been initially used to mean physical destruction of one or another nation, in a broader sense it signifies a cultural and political extinction of a national minority.

Contents: I. Introduction, II. KUB 55.28+Bo 7740 in -Transliteration and Translation, III. Commentary, IV. Excursus 1: On the Role of Games, Fake Fights and Dances in Hittite Ceremonies, V. Excursus 2: Some New Insights into Hittite Architecture: Some Remarks on Pillars and Roofing Techniques.

Late in A.D. 155 the Greek orator Publius Aelius Aristides from Hadrianoi in Northern Mysia praised Roman rule in the presence of the imperial court at Rome. Indeed, the poets say that before the rule of Zeus everything was filled with faction, uproar, and disorder, but that when Zeus came to rule, everything was put in order and the Titans were banished to the deepest corners of the earth, driven there by him and the gods who aided him.

In April 1926, Brigadier-General Moberley of the British Army was writing a book, entitled History of the Mesopotamian Campaign, which included a section on Turkish war aims and Pan-Turkism. He approached the British Foreign Office for information on the subject, whereupon one of the officials, W. G. Childs, drew up a minute 20th April for the use of the Department. This minute throws interesting light on the personality and career of Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk). Apparently, Childs had spoken to Colonel T. E. Lawrence (of Arabia reputation) on the subject, who had told him that, "by a curious accident", he (Lawrence) was able, in September 1918, "to have several conversations with Mustafa Kemal Pasha", and that among the topics discussed was that of Turkish war aims.

Millî Mücadele döneminde hep ileriye bakan Atatürk, yeni devletini kurduktan sonra geçmişe dönerek, devletin sağlam temellere dayanması için "tarih ilmi"yle meşgul olmaya başlamıştır. Atatürk esasında daha okul sıralarında, gençlik yıllarında, tarihe büyük ilgi duymuştur. Siyasî hayattaki başarılarında geniş tarih bilgisinden büyük çapta istifade etmiştir.

A bronze dagger and haft with a terminus reminiscent of a hammer (İ/85-206) was uncovered upon the right hand and forearm of a skeleton (Sk. 581, extended with head to the west) from a modest earthen inhumation. This burial in grid-square D-2/IV-10 (b. 2267) on Mound I of İkiztepe was excavated during the 1985 campaign at the site.

Born in Mecca on April 20, 571 AD Prophet Muhammad had already determined the general framework of an Islamic social and economic order by the time He died on June 8, 632 AD at Medina. As the religion of Islam deals with all activities of the individual including his overall relations with Allah and society, legal and social rules are entwined in an order we call canonical jurisprudence or Shari'a. To put it otherwise, Islamic law is a very large system accomodating rules related to both social life and public administration as the Prophet was both the founder of the Religion and the Head of the State of Medina. We are not to dwell here on all chapters of the Islamic law, since this is not possible in view of the limited place available. Further, it will not be called for as all the distinguished scholars are well versed in them. Therefore, I will consider here certain characteristics of this law and will limite my expose to a few illustrations as to how the Ottoman caliph-sultans had made use of and applied some legal rules emanating and drawn from this complexe and amazing system of canonical legislature by modifying them to such degree that sometimes their practices happened to contradict Shari'a.