The basic foreign policy of Turkey under Atatürk was one of friendship with all its neighbours and non-involvement in Great Power politics. Atatürk was essentially a realist. He repudiated adventurism and expansionism. What Turkey wanted was to accomplish its internal reconstruction in peace. The major stance of Atatürk's diplomacy was not only pacific, but was also clearly respectful of law. Since the Republic of Turkey came into existence, the main background of Turkish foreign policy had been friendship with the Soviets. Good relations with Russia guaranteed Turkey's continued security on its northeastern frontier and in the Black Sea. Following the Italian conquest of Ethiopia and basically on account of this fact a Turco-British rapprochement started to take shape since 1935. Close co-operation between Turkey and Britain during the Montreux Straits Conference further accelerated the pace. Another aspect of Turkish foreign policy was the Balkan Entente of 1934 to guard against aggression in the region. Turkey's part in the Saadabad Pact of 1937 had also been active and enthusiastic. Regaining of Turkish sovereignty over the Straits at the Montreux Conference and winning back of the district of Hatay were among the most important successes of the Turkish diplomacy under Atatürk's auspices.

The bulding type discussed in this article is seen over a long period in the Neolithic Era, from the EN to the LN, at centres such as Bademağacı, Höyücek and Hacılar in the Burdur Region. It is usually rectangular and the door is in the centre of the long wall and has an oven opposite the door. The earliest examples of this building type with an oven in the Burdur Region in the Neolithic Period have been identified from the Early Neolithic 3 (EN 3) level at Bademağacı. One of the important characteristics of the building type under discussion is its rectangular plan which is a little distorted in the Bademağacı buildings but clearer with straighter sides in the Höyücek and Hacılar examples. Apart from the addition of a stone foundation at Hacılar VI, the building materials appear to be similar in all the settlements. The combined use of plano-convex and rectangular bricks is seen at Bademağacı, Höyücek and Hacılar. However, the technique of constructing a wall by spreading mud to form layers is only seen at Bademağacı. It has been confirmed that wood used in all three settlements for door thresholds and supports. The roofs of the houses are thought to have been flat, constructed by forming a frame from tree trunks and branches, which was then covered with clay. The architectural traditions of the neighbouring areas in the Neolithic Period, however, are somewhat different. The as yet only partially excavated pre-EN3 levels at Bademağacı could give some idea of the prototypes of this building type. Bademağacı is only 40-50 km, as the crow flies, away from Beldibi in the Antalya Region, where the first pottery making experiments took place prior to the Neolithic Period. It is very likely that people left the coastal strip of the Mediterranean, which was not suitable for agriculture, crossed over to the north of the Taurus Mountains and, finding the small plain on which Bademağacı is situated to be suitable for agriculture, set up the first villages.

Kilikia'daki Aigeai (Adana İli - Yumurtalık İlçesi - Ayas Beldesi) şehrine ait ve Gordianus III'ün Caesarlığı'nda (imparator adayı - veliaht iken)) 238 yılının Nisan ve Temmuz ayları arasındaki bir dönemde bastırılmış olan bu ünik bronz sikke, Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi'nce 1997 yılında satın alınmıştır. Müzemizin, 79 - 2/2 - 97 envanter numarasına kayıtlı olan bu ünik sikkemiz, 12.80 gr. ağırlığında, 28 mm. çapında ve 6 yönünde olup, triassaria olarak birimlendirilmektedir.

The object of this article is to expose and analyse the gradual stages in the implementation process of Britain's defence policies in the Middle East after the Second World War, taking into account the impact of these policies on Turkey. Britain was concemed about the future of her bilateral defence agreements with local States, as the people of the region were struggling to free themselves from British colonial dependence. In addition, growing Soviet threats towards the region were a cause of concern. Britain's economic and financial difficulties in this period also had negative effects on her projected defence policies in the region. In order to overcome these difficulties Britain tried to secure the United States' cooperation. The article is based on archival material-British and American- as well as secondary sources in English and Turkish

Mondros Mütarekesinden sonra İtalya'nın İstanbul Mondros Mütarekesinden sonra İtalya'nın İstanbul Yüksek Komiserliği'ne Kont Carlo Sforza tâyin edilmiştir. Sforza; İstanbul'da görev yaptığı Kasım 1918 - Haziran 1919 tarihleri arasında, pek çok sivil ve asker Türk aydınıyla görüşmüştür. Bu çerçevede birkaç kez, İtalyan kamuoyunun "Çanakkale Kahramanı" olarak tanıdığı Mustafa Kemal Paşa ile de görüşmüştür. Bu görüşmelerde, tarafların yaklaşımlarındaki uyuşmazlık nedeniyle somut bir sonuç alınamamıştır. Bununla birlikte; Millî Mücadele dönemindeki Türk - İtalyan dostluğunun temelleri İstanbul'daki Mustafa Kemal Paşa Sforza görüşmeleriyle atılmıştır.

Following his seizure of power in 1922, Mussolini began to pursue the policy of 'mare nostrum' of the ancient Romans. He had an eye on the Anatolian lands bordering the Mediterranean. Local symbol of the Italian menace was the Dodecanese Islands which were started to be fortified in 1934. Mussolini's speech of that year showed that Italy did not renounce its earlier designs on Turkish territory. Atatürk did not take Mussolini's claims seriously, but the danger Italy represented could not be ignored. During the Ethiopian crisis, Turkey supported the League of Nations' sanctions against Italy and advocated the principle of collective security. Facing Italian expansionism, Turkey requested the holding of an international conference in Montreux and succeeded to obtain the right of bringing back the Straits to full Turkish sovereignty. Turkey's distrust of Italy deepened in 1937 and 1938. Ankara disliked the policy of Rome-Berlin axis. It did not acquit Italy of designs in the eastern Mediterranean. Italian occupation of Albania in 1939 soon led to Turkey's signing of mutual assistance agreements with Britain and France. Italy sharply denounced the Turco-Anglo-French rapprochement. For Turkey, as an ally in the eastern Mediterranean, had the strength to tip the balance against Italy.

After the First World War, the victorious Allied powers were unable to dispose of the Turkish question despite months of deliberation. The rivalry of the Allİed powers, particularly of Great Britain and France, över the lands of the old Ottoman Empire, the Greek occupation of Smyma in May 1919 and the subsequent rise of the Nationalİst Movement in the interior under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal *1 which resisted the post-war Allied adjustments and defied the inability of the Ottoman govemment to save the country from foreign invasİon, ali combined to make such a treaty impossible for the Allies. When anti-Nationalist Damad Ferid Paşa, the Grand Vizier and the Sultan's son-in-law, was İn power on 5 April 1920 for the fourth time, the British were confident that the Ottoman government in Constantinople was önce again in their camp. In British eyes, Damad Ferid was perhaps more sincerely convinced than any other statesman of the first rank that Turkey's sole hope of salvatioıı lay in a good understanding with Great Britain. 2 Now, İt was time for the Allies to complete the Turkish treaty and force Damad Ferid to sign it. The Supreme council met at San Remo on 18 April with such a purpose in mind.

Ever since his emergence as the leader of the Turkish nationalists, Kemal Atatürk had attracted wide support from among the Müslim of British India. Though the adulation of Kemal had sprung from the Indian in- volvement with pan-Islam but basically it was his apparent defence of the caliphate which had endeared him to his well-wishers in the Subcontinent. Thus, ali through the exuberance of the Khilafat movement (1918-1924), Mustafa Kemal was lauded for his perceived stand against Western im- perialism in the hour of Islam's grave crisis. Even when the relations between the sultan-caliph at İstanbul and the nationalists at Ankara fell to their lowest ebb, as in Nowember 1922 owing to the separation of the sultanate and the caliphate, no widespread stir w as created in India. The clash came only in March 1924, when Kemal abolished the caliphate which to him had become anomalous and anachronistic. The reaction in India was instantaneous and sharp, but somehow the break was soon repaired. After the initial shock, the Indian public opinion, spearheaded by those who understood the Turkish predicament, began to tilt again in favour of the nationalists and the new situation generally came to be accepted.

Bilindiği gibi, Anadolu'daki işgalcilere karşı verilen Türk bağımsızlık savaşı Avrupa kamuoyu tarafından da yakından takip edilmiştir. Bu çerçevede, Güneybatı Anadolu Bölgesi'nde geniş bir bölgeyi büyük beklentilerle işgal eden İtalya'da da Millî Mücadele hareketi biraz endişe daha çok da sempati ile izlenmiştir. Dönemin önde gelen İtalyan dergilerinden Oriente Moderno, 13 Mart 1921'de kurulan Doğu Enstitüsü'nün (Istituo per L'Oriente) aylık yayın organıdır.

Türk dünyasının Atatürk ilkelerini, devrim ve evrimlerini benimseyerek çağdaşlaşması, kuramı da, uygulaması da kolay olmayan karmaşık bir konu. Henüz "Türk Dünyası" kavramı çok yeni. Bu sözden hepimiz aynı şeyleri anlamaya başlamadık. Üzerinde uzun uzun konuşulan, yazılan "Atatürkçü Çağdaşlaşma da yeterince aydınlanmış sayılamaz; cevap bulması gereken bir çok soru, yapılacak bir yığın iş var. Türk Dünyası ve Atatürkçü Çağdaşlaşma konularında, düşünce hayatımızda eksikler varken, iki kavrama bir arada bakışın zorluklarının daha da fazla olması doğal. Ancak her halde bir yanından girmek ve bir yerinden ele almak gerekiyor. 10 Kasım 1992 tarihli Tercüman gazetesinde, "Türk Çağdaşlaşması ve Yeni Türk Cumhuriyetleri" başlıklı bir yazıda, konu genel yapı ve görünüşü ile ele alınmıştı. Sorunun taşıdığı değer sebebiyle, şartların yarattığı yeni durum ve ulaşılan ara hedefler dikkate alınarak, ana esasların ve ayrıntıların, değişik bakış açılarından zaman zaman yeniden incelenmesi gerekmektedir.