Osmanlı Devleti bir çok milletin aynı çatı altında yaşadığı kozmopolit bir toplumsal yapıya sahipti. Bu çok milletli imparatorlukta, tüm dengeler hak ve adalet ölçüleri üzerine kuruluydu. Adalet terazisindeki en küçük dengesizlik hemen hemen tüm toplumda huzursuzluğa yol açıyordu. XVII. yüzyıla gelindiğinde adalet mekanizması ve devlet otoritesinde aksaklıklar meydana gelmeye başlamıştı. Bu durumdan en fazla şikâyetçi olan bölgeler tabiî olarak farklı etnik gurupların iç içe bulunduğu yerlerdi. Bu bölgelerin başında da Osmanlı Devleti'nin yıkılışına kadar sorun olmaya devam eden Balkanlar geliyordu. Balkanlarda adil olarak toplanamayan vergiler ve serbest dinî faaliyet icra edememek başlıca şikayet konularıydı.

The first encounter between Greece and tha Spanish and Portuguese Jews (the Sephardim) in modern times started in 1821 during the Greek rebellion against the Sultan. From the beginning this encounter would follow a rocky path because of three basic facts; the faithfulness of the Sephardim to the Ottoman Empire, the traditional religious anti-Semitism of the Greek population and the economic rivalry between Jews and Greeks in the Eastern Mediterranean. Nowhere would the antagonism of the Greek population and government towards the Sephardim be more intense than in the city of Salonica, the Sephardic metropolis which Greece occupied in 1912. With over two-thirds of the population being Sephardi and with Spanish being the everyday language of the population, Salonica, under the liberal rule of the Sultans of the Ottoman Empire had flourished economically and had become the center of the Sephardic Nation within the Empire. Greek policy would be one of constant antagonism from the time of the occupation until the extermination of the Sephardim by the Germans and their loal collaborators during the Second World War. Every effort would be made by the Greek government to diminish the influence of the Sephardim in the city and to reduce their presence and economic wellbeing. The 70,000 Sephardim of Salonica at the time of the Greek occupation would see their numbers diminished by emigration. Those who remained would be reduced to a frightened minority in a city that had been theirs for over 400 years.

Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun Rusya tarafından feci bir yenilgi almasına sebep olan 1774 Küçük Kaynarca Antlaşması'yla Ruslar İstanbul'da Galata semtinde bir kilise inşa etme hakkını elde ettiler. Ayrıca antlaşma, kilisenin Bab-ı Âlî'de temsilciliğini yapabilecek Rus elçinin himayesi altında olmasını da belirledi. Bu kilise ve Rusya'nın onu himaye etme ve temsilciliğini yapma hakkı, Rus hükümetlerinin sonraki yıllarda Rum Ortodoks kilisesini, hatta Sultan'ın hakimiyeti altındaki Rum Ortodoks halkını himaye etme hakkını dayandırdığı iddianın temelini oluşturdu. İddialar abartıldı, fakat İstanbul'daki kilise antlaşmanın 14. maddesinde yazıldığı gibi 'Rum âyin şeklini' kullanmaktaydı, bu yüzden bağlantı mantıkî gözükmekteydi. Ancak, antlaşmanın Türkçe metni, Cevdet Paşa tarihinde yeniden aktardığı gibi, 'Rum âyin şeklini' kullanan bir kiliseden bahsetmemektedir. Bunun yerine, 14. madde bu kiliseye Dusugrafa veya Dosografa Kilisesi denildiğini belirler.

The peninsula of the Peloponnese (in southern Greece), which is also known as the Morea, was first partly conquered in 1397 CE by die Ottoman Sultan Beyazit I from the Byzantines, and was completely overrun in 1460 by Sultan Mehmet II, who was received as a deliverer by the Greek Orthodox Christian population, then suffering under the rule of the Roman Catholics. In 1698 the Ottomans were complled to cede the Peloponnese to the Venetians, under die Treaty of Carlowitz, but in 1718 it was retroceded to the Ottoman Empire under the Treaty of Passarowitz.

The sandjak Prevesa has witnessed some of the most characteristical developments of the Tanzimat period. It had remained outside of the boundaries of the Hellenic kingdom as it was established in 1829, but still it was the closest contact point of the Ottoman empire with Greece both from commercial and geographical aspects.

The Muslim World witnessed the appearance of several intellectual and religious movements emanated from different Islamic territories in the 18th and 19th centuries. A number of social, political and religious causes motivated the occurrence of these multifaceted movements. Decline of the Ottoman Empire and diminishing authority of the Caliph, growing political and cultural influence of Western powers throughout the Muslim World, moral laxity and supersitious accretions prevalent among believers for long, rising wave of nationalist trends to establish regional and nation-states, all of these aforementioned factors and some others inspired new ideas and orientations that occurred in the Muslim World. Among them the Wahhâbiya is of considerable importance as it has long-lasting influence on the other revivalist and puritanist movements.

When Sir Horace Rumbold, the British Minister in Switzerland, succeeded Admiral Sir John de Robeck, on 17 November 1920, as High Commissioner in Istanbul, the Ottoman Empire, a member of the Central Powers, was already defeated by the Entente Powers (the Allies) in the disastrous Great War, and was forced to sign the Armistice of Mondros (Mudros) on 30 October 1918.

In this paper I intend to trace cursorily the background of the incidents that took place in the Ottoman Empire, mainly in 1915, that caused a great tragedy to the people of Anatolia, especially to the Turks, other Muslims, and Armenians. I also intınd to examine that tragedy, its instigators, causes, effects, and how it was exploited by Britain's wartime propagandists, in the light of new documents that have come to my notice during recent studies. I hope that my conclusions may contribute to a better understanding of the Turco-Armenian relations, and of how those amicable relations were disrupted and exploited by external and extremist forces immediately before and during the fateful years of the First World War.

It would be proper and much enlightening to look for the reasons why and how the Ottoman Empire could perpetuate a brillant existence on three continents, Asia, Europe and Africa, in the Akhi Order or Fraternity. In other words, Akhi faith and principles should be counted amongst a myriads of factors that contributed into six centuries of Ottoman domination on these three continents.

Significant socio-political and economic events in the lives of nations and groups occur within the framework of historical and geographical determinants at work, together with the systemic and subsystemic factors that impinge upon them. Often, the domestic linkage of foreign policy and the impact of foreign policy on domestic politics are too closely intertwined and, therefore, can not be sharply and clearly delineated. The geographic locations and the historical experiences of nations mold into forms, norms, and traditions, producing national cultures. Expansion of a culture or its collaboration with other cultures produce similar or synthetic patterns of life, frame of mind, and a general in the formation of events.