Prens Sabahaddin Bey, babası Damad Mahmud Celaleddin Paşa ile birlikte dayısı II. Abdülhamid'e muhalefet etmiş ve İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti'nin kuruluş ve gelişmesinde önemli rol oynamıştır. Ancak II. Meşrutiyet'in ilanından sonra, İttihatçı yönetimle ters düşerek muhalefet saflarında yer almıştır. 31 Mart Olayları ve Mahmud Şevket Paşa suikastında İttihatçılar tarafından baş sorumlu olarak gösterilmiştir. Birinci Dünya Savaşı öncesinde Said Halim Paşa Hükümeti'nin tavrını beğenmeyen Prens Sabahaddin tam da Almanya ile İttifak Antlaşması'nın imzalandığı günlerde bir tanesini Padişah V. Mehmed Reşad'a ve iki tanesi de Dâhiliye Nazırı Talat Bey'e olmak üzere toplam üç adet telgraf göndererek; her ne olursa olsun tarafsızlığın muhafaza edilmesini, Almanya'dan gelen haberlere itimat edilmemesini ve savaşa girmekten ısrarla kaçınılmasını vurgulamıştır. Padişah V. Mehmed Reşad'a yazılan telgraf örneği Mehmet Alkan ve Nezahet Nurettin Ege tarafından özet haliyle yayınlanmıştır. Ancak Talat Bey'e yazılan söz konusu telgraflar yayınlanmamıştır. Çalışmamızda Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi'nde yer alan söz konusu üç telgrafın İngilizce ve Osmanlıca nüshalarını, dikkate alarak Prens Sabahaddin Bey'in Osmanlı Devleti'nin Almanya yanında Birinci Dünya Savaşı'na girmesini engellemek için yapmış olduğu faaliyetleri açıklamaya çalışacağız.

Supply of military weapons, equipment, spare parts and ammunition had always been of a crucial importance for the Ottoman Empire. This issue came to be a part of an international diplomacy from 19th century onwards when the Ottoman governments were forced into a position to choose allies from European Powers who were in rivalry in providing military materials. Many companies from France, England and Germany competed with each other in order to have the greatest share from the military supplies market in the Ottoman Empire. Such German companies as Krupp, and Rheinische Metallwaren und Maschinefabrik in Düsseldorf; French company Sxneider/Le Creusot; and British Armstrong/Vickers Company were among them. However, German weapon companies stood out in meeting the needs of the Ottoman military. In the reign of Abdulhamid II, the German company of Krupp came forward in selling artillery weapons in particular after the 1880's, and turned out to be the dominant power in the end of the century, while the other German companies dealt in the various other military materials such as rifles, ammunitions, spare parts, wagons, factory workbenches. Levazımat-ı Umumiye Dairesi (General Supplies Department) which functioned as attached to the Harbiye Nezareti (Ministry of War) during the early years of the 20th century was in charge of the supply and distribution of primary materials which were necessary for the provisioning of the army. This department was not only involved in the provisioning and equipment of the army during the WWI, but played an important role in procuring the technical equipment for the setting up and development of military factories as well as establishing connections and cooperation with Germany to this end, through its branches. It is possible to reach many correspondences about these cases in ATESE Archives which is attached to the General Staff. This study aims to provide some examples concerning the activities of the above-mentioned department and military factories and procuring the wartime equipment in particular, based on the primary sources.

Osmanlı Devleti'nin Doğu Akdeniz hinterlandında bulunan Arvad (Ervad-Ruad) Adası oldukça küçük, su kaynaklarından yoksun ve tarıma uygun olmayan bir yapıya sahiptir. Arvad, I. Dünya Savaşı'nın devam ettiği günlerde Fransız birliklerince 1915 yılı Eylül ayında işgal edilmiştir. Osmanlı idaresindeyken halkının büyük çoğunluğu balıkçılıkla geçinen bu küçük ada Fransızlar tarafından Osmanlı ana karasına olan yakınlığı nedeniyle istihbarat toplanması için casusların gönderilip alındığı bir merkez konumuna gelmiştir. Adada bu amaçla kurulan istihbarat merkezinde bölgenin yerlisi casuslar vasıtasıyla Fransız birlikleri önemli bilgiler edinebilmişlerdir. Ayrıca Arvad Adası'nın Osmanlı idaresinden koparılmasından sonra Fransızlar birtakım Osmanlı gemilerini yağmalamış ve adada yiyecek maddelerinin temininde sıkıntılar yaşanmıştır. Arvad Adası Fransa'nın Suriye hâkimiyetini sağlamak için işgal ettiği stratejik bir noktadır.

French occupation of Cilicia following the First World War was mainly strategic and economic in character. The French committed all the errors of wicked military occupation. The Turkish Nationalists, on their part, fiercely resisted the foreign occupation of the region. By May 1920 the military weakness of the French had compelled them to surrender Maraş, Urfa and Pozantı. Defeat on battleground forced the French to conclude an armistice with the Turks. This act was considered as a serious blow to the prestige of the Allies and as the first big step towards the recognition of the Turkish Nationalists as a government controlling Anatolia. Resumption of the armed operations by the Turks produced considerable alarm at Paris. The French eventually concluded that the consts of controlling Cilicia outweighed dthe benefits of this venture and decided to approach Ankara for settlement. France was impressed by Turkish victory over the Greeks in the Sakarya battle in August-September 1921. Negotiations were therefore entered into with the Turks and an agreement was signed on 20 October 1921. This agreement was the greatest Turkish diplomatic victory so far. It had very significant bearings. Ankara Agreement's terms were criticised by Britain, French colonial party and Syrian nationalists.

In this paper I intend to trace cursorily the background of the incidents that took place in the Ottoman Empire, mainly in 1915, that caused a great tragedy to the people of Anatolia, especially to the Turks, other Muslims, and Armenians. I also intınd to examine that tragedy, its instigators, causes, effects, and how it was exploited by Britain's wartime propagandists, in the light of new documents that have come to my notice during recent studies. I hope that my conclusions may contribute to a better understanding of the Turco-Armenian relations, and of how those amicable relations were disrupted and exploited by external and extremist forces immediately before and during the fateful years of the First World War.

This paper is designed to explain the general characteristics of the Ottoman State policy during the XVIIth and the XVIIIth centuries. Two factors made this essential. The first was the effects the late XVIIIth century socio-economic and cultural changes of the world had on the Ottoman Empire. The second was the chain of developments which extended from 1683 through 1918. These dramatic developments joined with one another and resulted in the collapse of classical empires of the world, Ottoman Empire being one of them. In other words, the First World War ended monarchical empires of classical structures. Hence, new and independent states were formed in various regions of wide-spread territories which once were under sovereignty if a single administration recognized as "pax ottomana".